That “me” filter is useful, yes, but you can’t grant access/visibility to a single View in a board without giving access to all its Views—even in Enterprise.
@Megan345 is absolutely right about the best solution for this: use board-level permissions to allow users to only see items they’re assigned to.
They’re also right about that not working at all when it comes to submitters without Monday accounts, and that giving them limited View-Only accounts would be a good workaround.
How would the automation work if the form is publicly available and the requestor needs to enter their email?
It wouldn’t. The form itself would need to be restricted to users in your organization’s Monday account for any of this to be possible. (The good news is that if you did it this way, and gave everyone Viewer accounts, you wouldn’t need them to manually enter their email address at all; your existing email automation could just use the email address associated with their Monday account, since they’d have to be logged into it to submit the form.) You’d just need an automation “When new item is created → add creator to {Submitter People column}”:
Per the board-level permissions setting described above, once the submitter is assigned to the item, they can see it (plus all of its updates and subitems.)
This will just not be possible if the form is public.
Note for onlookers: it’s also not possible if the form’s BOARD is private and inaccessible to the users filling out the form. In that circumstance, the board considers YOU the creator of every new item and puts YOU in the People column every time, even if the submitters are logged into their own Monday accounts when they submit the form. Frustrating limitation!
Is there no way to apply filters dynamically in the URL? This would easily solve the issue since I can just apply the filters as necessary in the outgoing email.
No. You can link to a specific board View or item this way, but that’s not dynamic, and the board’s permissions rules still govern what will appear.
[If you have an Enterprise account, you can use parameters to pre-fill form questions with values you set (search ‘pre-fill’) and pass along in the URL, but this has no effect on board or View visibility—and it’s only possible for Text-type columns/questions anyway.]
Bottom line: if you need robust form functionality (more complex conditional logic, calculations or scoring, pre-filling values with URL params, etc.) you will need to look beyond Workforms. It’s basically one step up from Google Forms.
A few much better SaaS tools for complex/bespoke forms: Paperform, Typeform, Jotform. They can be integrated with your Monday boards too. They all come with their own subscription costs though. If you foresee your organization’s need for robust or highly customized intake forms increasing significantly in the near future, the new subscription is probably worth considering. If not, you can wrestle Workforms into doing what you need it to in many cases, but sometimes that requires very creative (read: bizarre) workarounds.
One last consideration I want to surface: I’m assuming you don’t need your internal team to be able to comment / have conversations on user-submitted items without the Submitter being able to see. If you do need the ability to have non-Submitter-facing conversations on items, you can achieve that too, but you’ll need a two-board setup. I wrote up some info on how I built one for another IT team here (more details in the comment I posted below that one).
I do this sort of thing for a living—despite my penchant for sharing my knowledge for free in online forums 
—and if you’d like to chat about getting some implementation support, please check out my website. I also offer each client a free 30m consultation session, during which I’m happy to offer you as much guidance as I can.